Terminologies lhs : Left Hand Side rhs : Right Hand Side p = q : an identity Equational Expression : expr1 = expr2 e.g. expr1 = a*x+b and expr2 = cos[b-c] copy : when an object is duplicated, byte by byte so to say, into a facsimile. This definition of copy is the simplest to grasp the concept. In due places, more sophisticated definitions will be produced. Structure : a structure is that which permitting Similarity to other Similars . Example : Circular is a structure since it permits similarity to anything that is round . Example : Red is a structure since it permits similarity to anything that is red . Example : Numeral is a structure since it permits similarity to anything that is a number . ff calls a list e.g. {1,2,3} as a structure , or a function e.g. cos[ ] a structure or an algebraic structure e.g. x^2-1 .