# Bias and falsification

*The Mismeasure of Man* presents a historical evaluation of the concepts of the *intelligence quotient* ([IQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ "IQ")) and of the *general intelligence factor* ([*g* factor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_intelligence_factor "General intelligence factor")), which were and are the measures for [intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence "Intelligence") used by psychologists. Gould proposed that most psychological studies have been heavily biased, by the belief that the human behavior of a [race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(classification_of_humans) "Race (classification of humans)") of people is best explained by [genetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics "Genetics") [heredity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity "Heredity"). He cites the [Burt Affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt#%22The_Burt_Affair%22 "Cyril Burt"), about the oft-cited [twin studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_study "Twin study"), by [Cyril Burt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt "Cyril Burt") (1883–1971), wherein Burt claimed that human intelligence is highly heritable